Reviewing

One of the best things you can do to improve your writing is to ask someone else to read and critique it. Few people like doing this but it's a reluctance you should get over. It's easier if you find someone completing a similar assignment, then you can exchange papers. In some cultures it's more difficult than in others because of a reluctance to criticise or to make suggestions to someone who is not your peer A person of similar status in terms of age, experience, or qualifications. more....

Everyone makes mistakes. When you write, what seems very clear to you (because you've been thinking about it and rewriting it) might not be clear to someone else. So find a writing buddy and discuss your assignments right from the start. From understanding the task to checking the final draft A version of a piece of writing which is not complete or is yet to be reviewed and revised. more.... You'll find that your writing will improve much faster if you do this.

Before asking someone to review your work decide what aspect you want them to focus on. Don't just ask them to review it without giving any instructions. Also don't ever ask them to do anything you can do yourself such as spell checking.

Editing

The following is a checklist you can use to make sure you have checked your draft thoroughly. You don't have to use every item in the list; adapt it to your purposes depending on the type of assignment you are required to complete.

If you want to print an adapted list for your own use, or to give to a peer reviewer, you can use the customisable editing checklist.

• Task Completion

  Did you fully answer the question?

  • Did you address all the elements of the prompt Go to the Understanding the Task page?
  • Have all the instruction words Go to the Task Verbs page of the task been addressed (describe, examine, discuss, compare, evaluate …)?
  • Does your content align with the content required by the task?
  • Is your content restricted according to any limiting words in the task description Go to the task analysis page?
  • Is there enough supporting (evidence Information presented as support for the truth of an argument. more..., facts, reasoned argument A statement used with reasoning and, usually, evidence to show that something is true. more..., authoritative Reliable, accurate and respected as a source of information, instruction, or advice. more... references) for the opinions you expressed?
  • Is your essay/report of the required length?
  • Is your report formatted appropriately? (according to guidelines provided with the task or by your institution, or according to generally accepted norms for the type of report you have written)?
  • Have all other parameters of the task been adhered to (deadlines, formatting, word count, cover page A page attached to the front of an essay or report giving information such as the title, date of submission, the author's name and (for school or college) perhaps the course name and instructor's name or information about academic integrity. more..., referencing)?
  
  
• Structure

  Is your writing well organised?

  • Does the essay/report have a clear introduction Go to the Example Introductions page, body and conclusion?
  • Does the introduction Go to the Example Introductions page have a hook or background information leading to a thesis statement The topic of an essay or report, often including the writer’s opinion on the topic. more...?
  • Is the thesis statementThe topic of an essay or report, often including the writer’s opinion on the topic. more... clear, concise, and easy to identify as a thesis statement?
  • Is the essay/report divided into paragraphs?
  • Are the paragraphs of a reasonable length; not too long or short?
  • Does each paragraph have a clear topic sentence A sentence which provides the controlling idea (the subject matter) of a paragraph, section, or an entire piece of writing.more...?
  • Is the topic sentence A sentence which provides the controlling idea (the subject matter) of a paragraph, section, or an entire piece of writing. more... in each paragraph related to the thesis statement?
  • Does each topic sentence have clear supporting sentences?
  • Do all the paragraphs have unityA sense of focus and coherence in a paragraph achieved when every sentence in the paragraph is related to the topic. more...? (Do all the sentences relate to the topic sentence in some way?)
  • Are your paragraphs in the right order (you may have swapped paragraphs as you rewrote your drafts)?
  • Are the paragraphs properly connected?
  • If you expressed an opinion, did you support it with reasoned argumentsA statement used with reasoning and, usually, evidence to show that something is true. more..., facts, evidence Information presented as support for the truth of an argument. more..., authoritative sources?
  • Have you used appropriate hedging Go to the Hedging page devices to express your ideas in a measured, cautious way?
  • Does the conclusion summarise the discussion in the body?
  • Is the conclusion related to the thesis statement?
  
  
• Coherence and Cohesion

  Are your ideas logically connected and does your writing have a sense of flow?

  • Is there a sense of logical flow from one paragraph to the next?
  • Are relationships between ideas sufficiently clear?
  • Are relationships between ideas correctly signalled with suitable connecting phrases (transitions A change from one topic to another. Transition adverbials (such as "now”, "meanwhile”, "incidentally”) are sometimes used to signal transition from one topic to another. more... or adverbials An adverb phrase used to provide circumstantial information about a clause, to indicate the writer’s stance, or to link units of discourse by indicating their relationship. more...)?
  • Have you used too many adverbials? (not every simple relationship needs to be signalled)?
  • Are cohesive devices (reference Go to the Reference page, ellipsis Go to the Ellipsis page, substitution Go to the Substitution page) and other types of cohesion Go to the Cohesion page managed well?
  
  
• Grammar

  Is your writing grammatically accurate?

  • Did you use a grammar checker?
  • Did you check for grammar mistakes yourself (grammar checkers are not infallible)?
  • Is subject-verb agreement correct throughout?
  • Have you eliminated any sentence fragmentsNon-clausal material consisting either of a single word or a group of words which does not form a clause. more...?
  • Did you correct any run-on sentences A sentence where uncoordinated independent clauses are not properly separated by a semicolon. more...?
  • Did you check for "it's" and "its" errors?
  • Did you check for "their" and "there" errors?
  • Are any of your sentences too “wordy” - containing unnecessary adjectives or adverbs?
  
  
• Audience

  Did you adapt your writing for the kind of people who will read your text?

  • Have you used language suitable to your intended audience The person or people you as a writer expect will read your text. more... (not too simple or difficult/technical)?
  • Have you avoided the use of offensive, discriminatory Language which is free of prejudice towards others especially regarding questions of race, gender, age, ethnic identity, sexual orientation, and so on. more..., or culturally inappropriate language?
  • Is the information presented in a balanced The tendency to adopt a particular stance or to support a point of view, in an unfair way. more... and impartial style?
  • Does your writing use the right tone The stance or emotional charge of the speaker or writer. more... for the intended audience?
  
  
• Referencing

  Are your sources authoritative Reliable, accurate and respected as a source of information, instruction, or advice. more... and reliable? Have you correctly cited and referenced your sources?  

  • Are the sources of your information authoritative Reliable, accurate and respected as a source of information, instruction, or advice. more...?
  • Are the sources of your information reliable?
  • Are the sources of your information sufficiently recent (not out of date, or superseded)?
  • Are all of your quotes and paraphrases Go to the Paraphrasing page relevant and supportive of your arguments?
  • Are paraphrases written well and sufficiently different from the original text?
  • Are all paraphrases correctly referenced?
  • Are your quotes and paraphrases properly introduced with a signal Go to the Signal Phrases page (reporting) phrase?
  • Are all your quotes and paraphrases correctly cited Go to the Quoting and Citing page?
  • Are all you citations corrected referenced in a reference list?
  • Are all your references correctly formatted according to the style required (APA, MLA, Vancouver, Harvard, Oxford, etc.)?
  • Did you acknowledge all of your sources?
  • Have you used the correct referencing style (APA, MLA, Vancouver, Harvard, Oxford, etc.) throughout?
  
  
• Formatting

  Is your text clearly formatted according to any given guidelines?

  • Did you abide by required formatting guidelines (typeface, font, line-spacing, margins, etc.)?
  • Is your writing in the correct format for the task you were set (essay, report, review, case study …)?
  • Have you included any necessary appendices (diagrams, tables, illustrations ..)?
  • Did you include a cover page A page attached to the front of an essay or report giving information such as the title, date of submission, the author's name and (for school or college) perhaps the course name and instructor's name or information about academic integrity.more... (if required)?
  
  
• Proofreading

  Have you checked for errors?

  • Do all sentences begin with a capital letter?
  • Do all sentences end with a full stop?
  • Did you use a spell checker?
  • Have you checked the spelling manually (e.g. because spell-checkers can’t tell if you mean “you’re” or “your”)?
  
  
• Submission

  Do you know where, when, and in what format your work needs to be submitted?

  • Are you sure where and how you need to submit your work (email attachment, LMS such as Blackboard, Canvas, Moodle, or hard copy)?
  • Are you sure what the deadline The time and date before which something must be completed. more... for submission is?
  • Do you have a properly backed up copy of your work?
  • Do you know in what format your work needs to be submitted in (PDF? MS-Word?)?
  
  

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